Brazilwood

caesalpinia echinata

Also known as: ["Pau-Brasil","Pernambuco wood"]

Family: Fabaceae Genus: Caesalpinia Category: Trees

Overview

A deciduous tree native to Brazil, known for its reddish-brown timber and vibrant flowers.

Benefits & Perks

["fragrant flowers","wildlife attractant (bees, butterflies, birds)","rare/collector’s item"]

Botanical Classification

Phylum: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Caesalpinia
Botanical Name: Caesalpinia echinata

Plant Characteristics

Basic Information
  • Category: Trees
  • Suitable Location: outdoor garden in warm, sheltered spot
  • Suitable For:
    Collectors & Enthusiasts Outdoor Landscapers Wildlife Supporters
  • Is Weed: No
  • Allergenicity: low
Environmental Needs
  • Climate: {"temperatureRange":"15–30°C"}
  • Hardiness: {"zones":"9–11"}
  • Misting: rarely required, only if ambient humidity is very low
  • Drainage: Fast-draining to prevent root rot.
  • Soil Type: Well-draining, slightly acidic soil with organic matter; cactus or succulent mix is ideal.
Maintenance Level
  • Maintenance Level: moderate
  • Toughness Level: moderate
  • Pruning Frequency: Annually in late winter or early spring before new growth begins.
  • Pruning Intensity: Moderate; remove up to one-third of old growth if needed.
Care Details

Ideal Sunlight Coverage:
Full sun (6–8 hours of direct sunlight daily); tolerates partial shade but may become leggy.

Sunlight Tolerance Tips:
Acclimate gradually if moving from shade to sun; protect from intense midday sun in hot climates; ensure good air circulation to prevent fungal issues.

Warning Signs: Yellowing leaves (overwatering); stunted growth (poor soil fertility); root rot (poor drainage).

Care Requirements

Care Difficulty
moderate

moderate

Sunlight

full sun

Rotate plant for even growth; use sheer curtains to filter harsh sun; place near south-facing window indoors.

Watering

every 7–10 days during growing season, reduce in winter

Water thoroughly but infrequently; ensure soil dries between waterings; avoid overwatering.

Soil

well-drained, sandy loam with moderate organic content

pH: Slightly acidic to neutral (pH 6.0–7.0).

Use a mix with good drainage; avoid heavy clay soils; ensure pots have drainage holes.

Temperature

Prefers warm temperatures (65–85°F or 18–29°C); can tolerate brief dips to 50°F (10°C) but thrives in heat.

Avoid sudden temperature changes; protect from drafts; ensure good air circulation.

Fertilizing

every 4–6 weeks during active growth with balanced fertilizer

Fertilize only when actively growing; flush soil occasionally to prevent salt buildup; use a balanced formula.

Propagation

Methods

Stem cuttings or seeds; stem cuttings are more reliable for home growers.

Step-by-Step Propagation Guide
  1. Take a 4–6 inch cutting.
  2. Remove lower leaves.
  3. Dip in rooting hormone.
  4. Plant in medium.
  5. Keep moist and warm.

Best Time: Spring or early summer when the plant is actively growing.

Environment

Warm (70–75°F or 21–24°C), humid, and bright but indirect light.

Medium

Well-draining mix of perlite and peat moss or cactus mix.

Hormone

Recommended to use rooting hormone for faster root development.

Timeline

Roots may develop in 4–6 weeks; establish in new pot after 2–3 months.

Tools Needed

Pruning shears, rooting hormone, small pots, well-draining medium.

Quick Tips

Use healthy, non-flowering stems; maintain high humidity with a plastic cover; avoid direct sun.

Pruning & Repotting

Pruning Guide
Method

Selective thinning; heading back to encourage branching.

Pruning Plan

Shape the plant; encourage bushier growth; remove dead or diseased wood.

Tools

Pruning shears, loppers (for larger branches), sterilizing solution.

Checklist

Sterilize tools; prune dead/diseased wood first; make clean cuts just above a bud or branch junction.

Repotting Guide
Best Season

Early spring before active growth starts.

Pot Size

Increase pot size by 2–3 inches in diameter.

Method

Remove plant gently; trim roots if necessary; repot in fresh, well-draining soil with a slightly larger pot.

Suggestions

Repot every 2–3 years or when roots fill the pot; beneficial for growth and health.

Checklist

Check root bound status; prepare new pot with drainage; use fresh soil mix; water after repotting.

Advanced Care Tips

Watering Mastery
Watering Checklist

Check soil moisture; water deeply; ensure drainage; adjust for season.

How to Apply Water Properly

Water at the base of the plant, ensuring moisture reaches the root zone; allow excess water to drain away; water early in the day to minimize evaporation.

Pro Tip: Use a watering can with a narrow spout to direct water to the roots without wetting foliage.
Watering Schedule Tips

Water deeply once the top inch of soil is dry; reduce frequency in winter to prevent root rot.

Soil Improvement

Add perlite or coarse sand for drainage; incorporate compost for fertility; ensure good aeration.

Temperature Stress Management
Signs of Temperature Issues

Chlorosis (yellowing leaves) in cold; leaf drop or wilting in extreme heat.

Cold Stress

Growth slows; leaves may yellow or drop; risk of root damage if temperatures drop below 50°F (10°C).

Solution: Move to a warmer location; provide frost protection if outdoors; reduce watering in cold.

Hot Stress

Wilting; leaf scorch; reduced flowering; may drop leaves to conserve water.

Solution: Provide shade during peak heat; increase humidity; water deeply but avoid waterlogging.

Fertilizing Guide
Fertilizing Checklist

Check growth phase; dilute fertilizer; apply to moist soil; avoid contact with roots.

Fertilizing Method

Use balanced liquid fertilizer diluted to half strength every 4–6 weeks during growing season (spring/summer); avoid fertilizing in winter.

Common Problems & Solutions

Yellowing leaves in Caesalpinia echinata may indicate nutrient deficiencies, overwatering, or pest infestations, affecting photosynthesis and overall plant health.

Wilting in Caesalpinia echinata can be caused by water stress, either due to drought or overwatering, leading to reduced turgor pressure and impaired nutrient uptake.

Leaf spots on Caesalpinia echinata may be caused by fungal or bacterial pathogens, resulting in reduced photosynthetic efficiency and potential defoliation.

Rotting, particularly root or stem rot, can occur in Caesalpinia echinata due to excessive moisture or fungal infections, leading to decay and potential plant death.

Toxicity Warning

Cats
Toxic

Cats are highly sensitive to the toxins present in Caesalpinia echinata, especially in the seeds and roots. Ingestion can result in severe gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms, which may be life-threatening if not addressed promptly by a veterinarian.

⚠️ Symptoms:
vomiting diarrhea lethargy tremors seizures difficulty breathing
🌿 Toxic Parts:
seeds roots
⚡ Toxic If:

if eaten

Prevent cats from accessing the plant. If ingestion is suspected, seek emergency veterinary care without delay. Monitor the cat closely for any signs of distress.
Dogs
Toxic

In dogs, ingestion of Caesalpinia echinata, particularly the seeds and roots, can lead to severe gastrointestinal upset and potential neurological effects. The toxins can cause significant distress and may require veterinary intervention to manage symptoms and prevent further complications.

⚠️ Symptoms:
vomiting diarrhea lethargy loss of appetite tremors seizures
🌿 Toxic Parts:
seeds roots
⚡ Toxic If:

if eaten

Keep dogs away from the plant. If ingestion is suspected, contact a veterinarian immediately. Do not induce vomiting without professional guidance.
Humans
Toxic

Caesalpinia echinata contains toxic compounds that can cause severe gastrointestinal distress and neurological symptoms upon ingestion. The plant's seeds and roots are particularly hazardous due to their high concentration of toxins, which can disrupt normal physiological functions and lead to systemic toxicity.

⚠️ Symptoms:
nausea vomiting diarrhea abdominal pain dizziness tremors seizures
🌿 Toxic Parts:
seeds roots
⚡ Toxic If:

if eaten

Avoid ingestion of any parts of the plant. Keep out of reach of children and pets. If accidental ingestion occurs, seek immediate medical attention.
Important: Keep this plant out of reach of children and pets. If ingestion occurs, contact poison control or veterinary services immediately.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: Is Brazilwood endangered?

A: Yes, Caesalpinia echinata is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List due to overharvesting for its timber.

Q: Can Brazilwood be grown in temperate climates?

A: It prefers tropical and subtropical conditions and may not thrive in colder regions.

Q: What is the wood of Brazilwood used for?

A: It is prized for making musical bows, violin bows, and as a source of natural red dye.

Quick Reference
Family: Fabaceae
Care: moderate
Light: full sun
Water: every 7–10 days during growi
Suitable For: ["collectors/enthusiasts","outdoor landscapers","wildlife supporters (attracts bees, butterflies, birds)"]
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