Coyote Willow
salix exigua
Also known as: ["Sandbar Willow","Narrowleaf Willow"]
Overview
A deciduous shrub or small tree native to North America, typically found in wetland areas and along riverbanks.
Benefits & Perks
["drought tolerant","shade tolerant","wildlife attractant (bees, butterflies, birds)"]
Botanical Classification
| Phylum: | Magnoliophyta |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Salicaceae |
| Genus: | Salix |
| Botanical Name: | Salix exigua |
Plant Characteristics
Basic Information
- Category: Shrubs
- Suitable Location: near water bodies or in moist garden areas
- Suitable For:
- Is Weed: No
- Allergenicity: low
Environmental Needs
- Climate: {"temperatureRange":"–29 to 38°C"}
- Hardiness: {"zones":"3–9"}
- Misting: rarely required
- Drainage: Fast-draining; susceptible to root rot in waterlogged conditions.
- Soil Type: Well-draining, sandy or loamy soil with organic matter; tolerates poor soils but thrives with added compost.
Maintenance Level
- Maintenance Level: moderate
- Toughness Level: high
- Pruning Frequency: Annually in late winter or early spring; light pruning can be done after flowering if needed.
- Pruning Intensity: Moderate to heavy; can tolerate hard pruning to rejuvenate growth.
Care Details
Ideal Sunlight Coverage:
Full sun (6–8 hours of direct sunlight daily); tolerates partial shade but may become leggy with insufficient light.
Sunlight Tolerance Tips:
Acclimate plants gradually to intense sunlight; protect from harsh afternoon sun in hot climates; ensure adequate air circulation to prevent sunburn.
Care Requirements
Care Difficulty
easymoderate
Sunlight
full sun to partial shade
Monitor for leaf scorch; rotate plant for even light exposure; use shade cloth in extreme heat.
Watering
every 7–10 days during active growth, less frequently in winter
Water thoroughly until runoff; ensure soil dries slightly between waterings; adjust frequency based on season and weather.
Soil
moist, sandy or loamy soil with good drainage
pH: Adaptable pH range (6.0–7.5); prefers slightly acidic to neutral conditions.
Avoid heavy clay soils; amend with organic matter for better structure; ensure good drainage to prevent root rot.
Temperature
Hardy in USDA zones 3–9; tolerates temperatures from -30°F to 100°F; prefers cool winters and warm summers.
Protect from frost in early spring; water deeply before heatwaves; avoid planting in exposed, windy sites.
Fertilizing
every 4–6 weeks during spring and summer
Fertilize only in spring; avoid over-fertilizing to prevent weak growth; use organic options like compost for slow release.
Propagation
Methods
Stem cuttings (softwood or semi-hardwood) in late spring or early summer.
Step-by-Step Propagation Guide
- Take 4–6 inch cuttings.
- Remove lower leaves.
- Dip in rooting hormone.
- Plant in medium.
- Maintain humidity with a plastic cover.
Best Time: Late spring to early summer when new growth is flexible but mature enough to root.
Environment
Warm (70–75°F), humid environment with bright, indirect light; protect from direct sun.
Medium
Peat-based potting mix with added perlite or sand for drainage.
Hormone
Rooting hormone is recommended to improve success rates.
Timeline
Roots typically form in 4–8 weeks; plants may be ready to transplant in 3–6 months.
Tools Needed
Pruning shears, rooting hormone, small pots, misting spray bottle, plastic wrap or propagation dome.
Quick Tips
Use sharp, clean tools; keep soil consistently moist but not waterlogged; provide bottom heat if possible.
Pruning & Repotting
Pruning Guide
Method
Selective thinning of older stems; heading back of overgrown branches; removal of dead or damaged wood.
Pruning Plan
Prune to maintain shape, remove dead or weak stems, and encourage vigorous growth; best done in late winter or early spring before new growth begins.
Tools
Pruning shears, loppers, saw (for larger stems), gloves, disinfectant for tools.
Checklist
Disinfect tools; prune before bud break; remove crossing branches; cut just above a bud or lateral branch.
Repotting Guide
Best Season
Early spring before active growth begins; avoid repotting during dormancy or extreme heat.
Pot Size
Increase pot size by 2–3 inches in diameter; ensure drainage holes are clear.
Method
Remove plant gently; trim any circling roots; place in a slightly larger pot with fresh, well-draining soil; water thoroughly after repotting.
Suggestions
Repot every 2–3 years or when roots fill the container; beneficial for container-grown specimens to refresh soil and space.
Checklist
Choose appropriate pot size; prepare fresh soil mix; trim roots if necessary; water well after repotting.
Advanced Care Tips
Watering Mastery
Watering Checklist
Check soil moisture before watering; water deeply; ensure proper drainage; adjust for seasonal changes.
How to Apply Water Properly
Water at the root zone, ensuring even saturation; apply until water drains from the bottom; avoid wetting foliage to prevent fungal issues; water early morning or late evening for optimal absorption.
Watering Schedule Tips
Water deeply once per week during active growth; reduce frequency in winter to every 2–3 weeks, allowing soil to dry partially between waterings.
Soil Improvement
Add coarse sand or perlite to improve drainage; incorporate compost for fertility; ensure soil is not compacted.
Temperature Stress Management
Signs of Temperature Issues
Leaf scorch or wilting in excessive heat; dieback or delayed bud break in cold stress; stunted growth in temperature extremes.
Cold Stress
Low temperatures can cause dieback of stems and delayed spring growth; prolonged freezing may damage roots if soil is not insulated.
Solution: Mulch heavily around the base in winter; plant in sheltered locations; avoid overwatering before freezes to prevent root damage.
Hot Stress
Excessive heat can lead to leaf scorch, wilting, and reduced vigor; may drop leaves to conserve water.
Solution: Provide afternoon shade in hot climates; water deeply and mulch to retain soil moisture; increase humidity around the plant if grown in containers.
Fertilizing Guide
Fertilizing Checklist
Apply fertilizer in early spring; use balanced formula; avoid late-season feeding.
Fertilizing Method
Use a balanced, slow-release fertilizer in early spring; avoid high-nitrogen formulas; discontinue fertilizing in late summer to prepare for dormancy.
Common Problems & Solutions
Toxicity Warning
Cats
Slightly ToxicCats are particularly sensitive to salicylates, and ingestion of Salix exigua can lead to salicylate toxicity, causing gastrointestinal upset and potential systemic effects. Even small amounts may be harmful due to their limited ability to metabolize salicylates.
⚠️ Symptoms:
🌿 Toxic Parts:
⚡ Toxic If:
if eaten
Dogs
Slightly ToxicDogs may experience mild gastrointestinal upset if they ingest parts of Salix exigua due to the presence of salicin. While generally not life-threatening, ingestion can cause discomfort and potential salicylate toxicity in large quantities or in small dogs.
⚠️ Symptoms:
🌿 Toxic Parts:
⚡ Toxic If:
if eaten
Humans
Slightly ToxicSalix exigua, commonly known as coyote willow, contains salicin, a compound chemically related to aspirin. Ingestion can lead to mild gastrointestinal irritation and potential salicylate toxicity in sensitive individuals, particularly those with aspirin allergies or certain medical conditions.
⚠️ Symptoms:
🌿 Toxic Parts:
⚡ Toxic If:
if eaten
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: Is Salix exigua suitable for wetland restoration projects?
A: Yes, it is highly suitable due to its tolerance of moist soils and ability to stabilize riverbanks.
Q: Does Coyote Willow attract wildlife?
A: Yes, it provides habitat and food for various wildlife, including birds and insects.
Q: How fast does Salix exigua grow?
A: It is a moderately fast-growing species, often reaching maturity within 5-10 years.
Quick Reference
| Family: | Salicaceae |
| Care: | easy |
| Light: | full sun to partial shade |
| Water: | every 7–10 days during activ |
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