Black cohosh
actaea racemosa
Also known as: ["Cimicifuga racemosa","Bugbane"]
Overview
A perennial herb native to eastern North America, known for its tall spikes of white flowers and traditional medicinal uses.
Benefits & Perks
["medicinal use","wildlife attractant (bees, butterflies, birds)","shade tolerant"]
Botanical Classification
| Phylum: | Magnoliophyta |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Ranunculaceae |
| Genus: | Actaea |
| Botanical Name: | Actaea racemosa |
Plant Characteristics
Basic Information
- Category: Herbs & Weeds
- Suitable Location: garden bed in partial shade
- Suitable For:
- Is Weed: No
- Allergenicity: low
Environmental Needs
- Climate: {"temperatureRange":"5–30°C"}
- Hardiness: {"zones":"3–8"}
- Misting: rarely required
- Drainage: Moderate to well-draining; avoid waterlogged conditions.
- Soil Type: Rich, moist, well-draining soil with high organic matter; loamy or humus-rich soil is ideal.
Maintenance Level
- Maintenance Level: moderate
- Toughness Level: moderate
- Pruning Frequency: As needed; typically after flowering or in late winter/early spring.
- Pruning Intensity: Light to moderate; remove only dead, diseased, or overcrowded stems.
Care Details
Ideal Sunlight Coverage:
Partial shade to full shade; 4–6 hours of morning sunlight or dappled light; avoid intense afternoon sun.
Sunlight Tolerance Tips:
Acclimate gradually to sunlight changes; protect from harsh midday sun; place in shaded areas during peak summer heat.
Care Requirements
Care Difficulty
moderatemoderate
Sunlight
partial shade to full shade
Morning sun is ideal; provide shade in afternoon; avoid direct sunlight in hot climates.
Watering
every 7–10 days during growing season, reduce in winter
Water thoroughly but infrequently; ensure soil dries slightly between waterings; prioritize deep watering over frequent shallow watering.
Soil
rich, moist, well-drained loamy soil
pH: Slightly acidic to neutral (pH 6.0–7.0).
Ensure good drainage; maintain soil fertility with organic matter; avoid compacted soil.
Temperature
Cool to moderate temperatures; ideal range 60–75°F (15–24°C); tolerates cooler nights.
Protect from frost; avoid sudden temperature swings; maintain consistent moderate temperatures.
Fertilizing
every 4–6 weeks during spring and summer
Fertilize sparingly; apply in spring only; water well after fertilizing to prevent root burn.
Propagation
Methods
Division of rhizomes or root cuttings; seeds can be sown but require stratification.
Step-by-Step Propagation Guide
- Divide rhizomes with sharp, clean tools.
- Replant divisions at same depth.
- Water well.
- Protect from direct sun.
Best Time: Early spring or fall when plant is dormant; division is best done after flowering.
Environment
Shaded, cool environment with high humidity; keep soil consistently moist but not waterlogged.
Medium
Well-draining soil mix with added compost or peat; sand can improve drainage if needed.
Hormone
Not typically required for division; rooting hormone may aid root cuttings.
Timeline
Division: immediate establishment; root cuttings: 4–6 weeks for roots, 1–2 years for mature plant.
Tools Needed
Sharp knife, garden shears, trowel, rooting hormone (optional).
Quick Tips
Divide every 3–4 years to maintain vigor; ensure each division has healthy roots and shoots.
Pruning & Repotting
Pruning Guide
Method
Cut back spent flower stalks; thin out crowded stems; remove any damaged or weak growth.
Pruning Plan
Minimal pruning needed; focus on removing dead or damaged foliage to improve air circulation.
Tools
Pruning shears, gloves, disinfectant for tools.
Checklist
Disinfect tools; prune dead or damaged growth; improve air circulation; avoid over-pruning.
Repotting Guide
Best Season
Early spring before new growth begins.
Pot Size
One size larger pot; ensure pot has drainage holes.
Method
Gently remove plant; trim roots if crowded; repot in fresh, well-draining soil; ensure good drainage.
Suggestions
Not typically required for in-ground plants; container-grown plants may need repotting every 2–3 years.
Checklist
Choose appropriate pot size; prepare fresh soil mix; handle roots carefully; water after repotting.
Advanced Care Tips
Watering Mastery
Watering Checklist
Check soil moisture before watering; water deeply at base; ensure drainage; adjust frequency seasonally.
How to Apply Water Properly
Water at the base of the plant, avoiding foliage; apply until water reaches root zone; ensure excess drains away to prevent waterlogging; water early morning or late evening for optimal absorption.
Watering Schedule Tips
Water deeply once per week during growing season; reduce frequency in winter to prevent root rot; adjust based on rainfall and soil moisture.
Soil Improvement
Add compost or well-rotted manure; incorporate perlite or sand for drainage; mulch to retain moisture.
Temperature Stress Management
Signs of Temperature Issues
Wilting, leaf scorch, stunted growth, or premature flowering in excessive heat; yellowing or browning leaves in cold stress.
Cold Stress
Slows growth, may cause leaf discoloration, and can lead to root damage if temperatures drop below 32°F (0°C).
Solution: Mulch heavily around base; move potted plants to sheltered locations; use frost cloth for protection in cold snaps.
Hot Stress
Leaves may wilt, scorch, or drop; growth may slow; increased susceptibility to pests and diseases.
Solution: Provide shade during peak heat; increase watering frequency; use mulch to retain soil moisture.
Fertilizing Guide
Fertilizing Checklist
Use balanced fertilizer; apply in spring; water thoroughly after application; avoid late-season feeding.
Fertilizing Method
Use balanced, slow-release fertilizer in early spring; avoid over-fertilizing; reduce or stop feeding in late summer/autumn.
Common Problems & Solutions
Toxicity Warning
Cats
ToxicCats are susceptible to toxicity from Actaea racemosa, particularly from the roots, rhizomes, and seeds. The toxic compounds can cause severe gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms in cats.
⚠️ Symptoms:
🌿 Toxic Parts:
⚡ Toxic If:
if eaten
Dogs
ToxicIngestion of Actaea racemosa by dogs can lead to toxic effects due to the presence of toxic compounds in the roots, rhizomes, and seeds. These parts can cause severe gastrointestinal and neurological disturbances in dogs.
⚠️ Symptoms:
🌿 Toxic Parts:
⚡ Toxic If:
if eaten
Humans
ToxicActaea racemosa, commonly known as black cohosh, contains compounds that can cause toxicity when ingested. The roots, rhizomes, and seeds are particularly toxic and can lead to significant physiological disturbances.
⚠️ Symptoms:
🌿 Toxic Parts:
⚡ Toxic If:
if eaten
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: Is Black cohosh safe for human consumption?
A: Black cohosh is considered mildly toxic and should be used under medical supervision due to potential side effects.
Q: Does Black cohosh attract wildlife?
A: Yes, it attracts bees, butterflies, and birds with its fragrant flowers.
Q: Can Black cohosh be grown in shade?
A: Yes, it thrives in partial to full shade conditions.
Quick Reference
| Family: | Ranunculaceae |
| Care: | moderate |
| Light: | partial shade to full shade |
| Water: | every 7–10 days during growi |
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